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BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE LITERATURE NATIONAL CHENGCHI UNIVERSITY NO.40
Publication date： 2023-12
Special Article Textual Analysis of “Guangbei sibiao”and “Hengbei sibiao” in “Yaodian”: An aspect of Han Dynasty Classics Masters’Transcribing and Reading
One of the most important methods for classical masters in the Han dynasty to teach ancient texts was “Han reading.” Han reading not only entails the objective existence and variation of the form, sound, and meaning of Chinese characters but also reflects the subjective understanding of the characters by the masters. The discrepancy and contradiction between the subjective and objective aspects can lead to various misunderstandings and errors.
“Guangbei sibiao” and “Hengbei sibiao” in “Yaodian” were a set of classic examples of variant texts that have been widely analyzed by scholars since the Qianjia period. “Guang” can be written into “光” and “桄”, and “Heng” can be transcribed into “橫” and “廣.” The phonetic relationship and how they correspond to different versions of Book of Document, and also the interpretation of “充塞(filled with)” and “光燿(radiance)” were deliberated. Among these, the analysis of the changes in the forms of the characters between variant texts during text transcription was neglected.
Through sorting out the oracle bone script, bronze inscriptions, and ancient forms of these variant texts and their evolution, especially the characteristics of the Qi system characters, while considering the changes in duplicating. This article analyzed the reasons for the errors made by the classical masters in identifying, transcribing, and reading, revealing a path by which the masters formed the text of the classics over time during the process of teaching.
Page：
1-44
Keywords：
“Guangbei sibiao” (Radiance covers the four borders); Variations; “Li ding” (text transcription); Text; Confucian Masters of the Han Dynasty
BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE LITERATURE NATIONAL CHENGCHI UNIVERSITY NO.40
Theme Thesis On the Ancient Taiji Diagram of Ming Dynasty
The Ancient Taiji Diagram, originally named Hetu of Heaven, Earth and Nature, was often claimed by people in the Yuan (1271-1368) and Ming (1368-1644) dynasties to have been obtained by Cai Yuanding (1135-1198) when he came Sichuan. This claim is unverifiable and thus unconvincing. The author of the diagram is hard to be proved today, but it can be confirmed that it began to spread in the late Song (960-1279) and early Yuan dynasties and received widespread attention and research during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty. It can be seen from the in-depth observation of study on the He tu and Luo shu (Luo River Diagram) history of Yi scholarship that the diagram emerged in the trend of interpreting and innovating the Taiji Diagram after Zhou Dunyi’s Taiji Diagram. It is a product of the continuous evolution and comprehensive innovation of the diagram of eight trigrams’ positions of the earlier heaven and the diagram of twelve waxing and waning hexagrams.
The theoretical purpose of this diagram is to respond to the question of how ancient sages draw hexagrams, so its basic expression idea is from Taiji to yin-yang to the four images to the eight hexagrams. Among a large number of scholars in the Ming Dynasty who discussed the Ancient Taiji Diagram, Zhang Huang (1527-1608) pushed its ideological significance and theoretical value to a new theoretical realm and historical height. This diagram can be seen as the theoretical fruit of the development and evolution of the Book of Changes in the Song and Ming dynasties, intuitively and exquisitely depicting the harmonious relationship between Taiji, yin-yang, four images, and eight hexagrams. In revealing the waxing and waning, the mutual roots, the co-existence and the transformation of yin and yang, there are indeed characteristics and advantages that other Yi diagrams do not possess.
The theoretical purpose of this diagram is to respond to the question of how ancient sages draw hexagrams, so its basic expression idea is from Taiji to yin-yang to the four images to the eight hexagrams. Among a large number of scholars in the Ming Dynasty who discussed the Ancient Taiji Diagram, Zhang Huang (1527-1608) pushed its ideological significance and theoretical value to a new theoretical realm and historical height. This diagram can be seen as the theoretical fruit of the development and evolution of the Book of Changes in the Song and Ming dynasties, intuitively and exquisitely depicting the harmonious relationship between Taiji, yin-yang, four images, and eight hexagrams. In revealing the waxing and waning, the mutual roots, the co-existence and the transformation of yin and yang, there are indeed characteristics and advantages that other Yi diagrams do not possess.
Page：
49-74
Keywords：
Study on the He tu and Luo shu (Luo River Diagram) of Yi scholarship; He tu; Ancient Taiji Diagram; Diagram of the eight trigrams of the earlier heaven; Waxing and waning of yin-yang
BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE LITERATURE NATIONAL CHENGCHI UNIVERSITY NO.40
Theme Thesis Analysis of Ming-Scholar Lu Han’s Theory of “Yuan,” “Heng,” “Li,” “Zhen” on Yixue Tushuo
Lu Han was a prolific philosopher and excelled in the field of Yi, with Yi Jing Zhong Shuo being his representative work. Lu interpreted Yili from the perspective of Lixue (Neo-Confucianism) and devised concise Tushi for 64 Gua (divinatory hexagrams) and Yi Zhuang. Following his predecessors Zheng Dongqing in the Southern Song and Liu Dingzhi in the Ming Dynasty, Lu specialized in 64 Gua, explaining Zhouyi with Yili thoughts, which made him prominent and distinct from other scholars of his time. Lu grasped the essence of the four virtues, Yuan, Heng, Li, Zhen, and explained their meanings through qian gua gua-ci (the description of qian hexagram). He further established his theory from the perspective of Tuanci Zhuan and Wenyan Zhuan. The present study aims to explore the important contents of Lu’s views and the characteristics of Lu’s thoughts in the following four aspects, corresponding to the four virtues: the relation to tian-dao (the Heavenly Way), tian-dao in relation to humanity, qian gua theory, and ren-dao (the Human Way), as well as the relation between Li and Taiji, hoping to give an objective indication of his role in Yi history and Tushuo Yixue.
Page：
75-118
Keywords：
Lu Han; Yixue in Ming Dynasty; Yi Jiang Zhong Shuo; Yuan Heng Li Zhen; Ren Yi Li Zhi
BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE LITERATURE NATIONAL CHENGCHI UNIVERSITY NO.40
Su Jun held a distinguished position as a prominent Yi-ologist in the mid-Ming Dynasty and authored Yi Jing Ershuo and Yi Jing Shengshengpian. Ershuo drew upon an extensive inheritance of Cheng Zhu’s concepts, blending his own ideas with those of previous sages and providing a comprehensive explanation of the classics and annotations. The meticulous elaborations provided therein facilitate a comprehension of the complete interpretation of the classics and judiciously select the insights offered by previous scholars. Shengshengpian was composed subsequently, building upon the foundations laid by Ershuo. This book further developed Zhu Xi’s Four Saints of Yijing learning, the theory of symbol divination, and hexagram changes. It also provided profound insights into the essence of the Dao of Life. As the culmination of Su Jun’s lifelong scholarly pursuit, it holds a prominent position in the domain of Yi learning. To grasp a comprehensive understanding of Su Jun’s Yijing scholarship, it was imperative to peruse both of his works in conjunction. These books unveiled three pivotal stages in Su Jun’s extensive journey of Yi exploration. Firstly, he meticulously advanced his comprehension of Yi from its rudimentary aspects, drawing from diverse perspectives, and expounding on Yin and Yang changes. Secondly, he delved into the metaphysical Dao of Yi, immersing himself in its boundless potentialities. Thirdly, he inquired into the principles governing the Dao of Life, recognizing the amalgamation of Yin and Yang transformations and the perpetual growth of life. This process exemplified the complete evolution of Yijing’s development, from the shallow to the profound. Through his in-depth study of Yijing learning and integration of the previous scholars’ sayings, Su Jun presented valuable and profound achievements in his Yijing learning studies.
Page：
119-142
Keywords：
Su Jun; Yi Jing Ershuo; Yi Jing Shengshengpian; Yijing learning; Cheng Zhu; Cai Qing
BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE LITERATURE NATIONAL CHENGCHI UNIVERSITY NO.40
The Yuelu Academy’s collection of Qin Bamboo Slips (Vol .4) included the content of the Qin Dynasty’s “Laws of Escape.” Among them, Strips 13-14 mentioned cases where parents/masters accused their son/slaves of causing harm, assault, and premeditated murder. If the accused son/slave surrendered after the legal verdict had been reached, there was to be no reduction in punishment according to the stipulation. Although this legal text was included in the “Laws of Escape,” its criminal content involved acts of injury, murder, and accusations by parents/masters against their son/slaves, thus it was also found in the “Laws of Theft” and the “Laws of Accusation.” It was a combined legal provision encompassing multiple charges.
In this article, the legal text was first dissected into two categories: accusing son and accusing slaves, based on relevant legal texts from the Qin and Han Dynasties. Variant texts on similar themes were compared, differences in culpability across different periods were examined, and the relevant provisions of such offenses in Qin laws were explored. The reasons behind the combination of accusing son and accusing slaves into the same legal text were also discussed. Furthermore, the errors and missing sections found in the text were thoroughly analyzed, taking into consideration the combination of legal provisions and the structure of multiple layers, as outlined in Qin laws. The primary objective of this analysis was to present the various conditional settings of the legal text, with the aim of facilitating a correct understanding of it.
In this article, the legal text was first dissected into two categories: accusing son and accusing slaves, based on relevant legal texts from the Qin and Han Dynasties. Variant texts on similar themes were compared, differences in culpability across different periods were examined, and the relevant provisions of such offenses in Qin laws were explored. The reasons behind the combination of accusing son and accusing slaves into the same legal text were also discussed. Furthermore, the errors and missing sections found in the text were thoroughly analyzed, taking into consideration the combination of legal provisions and the structure of multiple layers, as outlined in Qin laws. The primary objective of this analysis was to present the various conditional settings of the legal text, with the aim of facilitating a correct understanding of it.
Page：
143-176
Keywords：
Law of escape; Accusing the son of filial disobedience; Demand the death penalty; Combined legal provision; Yuelu Academy’s Collection of Qin Bamboo Slips (Vol. 4)
BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE LITERATURE NATIONAL CHENGCHI UNIVERSITY NO.40
Ancient examination books in China recorded the codes and practices for examining corpses. Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified (Xiyuan jilu), written by Song Ci during the Song Dynasty, was a representative examination book of that era. Within this book, Entry 52, “Recipes for Rescue,” recorded various practices regarding emergency rescues. Books written to analyze the original work of Song Ci in later generations provided supplements to the Recipes for Rescue section. This finding led to the question: Why did the examination books include Recipes for Rescue? As the subjects of examinations were corpses instead of living persons, it was inferred that the examiners not only carried the responsibility of rectifying injustice and doing good deeds but also subtly exhibited care and respect for life.
First, this article reviewed the origins of Recipes for Rescue, which could be traced evidentially; however, some of the origins were found while some were not. The commonalities between Recipes for Rescue and the examination book were (1) multiple rescue methods for the same condition, and (2) one particular medicine or method could be used to deal with multiple situations. The differences between the two were: (1) the methods stated in Recipes for Rescue required fewer materials, and (2) the materials stated in Recipes for Rescue were easily accessible. The concepts behind the emergency rescues in Recipes for Rescue were (1) stimulation to generate yang qi, (2) avoiding the cross-stimulation of cold and heat, (3) allowing the spirit to resume in the body, and (4) using medicinal food to recuperate the body.
There were scant discussions regarding the outcomes of rescues recorded in the examination books; hence, this study intended to fill the research gap.
This study analyzed Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified from the perspective of maintaining life instead of death. In the past, the common belief was that the examination works in ancient times were only of little relevance to medical science. However, this study argued that the topic of emergency rescues found within the original works proved that the examination works in ancient times and medical science were related and that inherent within the examination works had been overlooked in previous research. This study revealed another facet of the examination book.
First, this article reviewed the origins of Recipes for Rescue, which could be traced evidentially; however, some of the origins were found while some were not. The commonalities between Recipes for Rescue and the examination book were (1) multiple rescue methods for the same condition, and (2) one particular medicine or method could be used to deal with multiple situations. The differences between the two were: (1) the methods stated in Recipes for Rescue required fewer materials, and (2) the materials stated in Recipes for Rescue were easily accessible. The concepts behind the emergency rescues in Recipes for Rescue were (1) stimulation to generate yang qi, (2) avoiding the cross-stimulation of cold and heat, (3) allowing the spirit to resume in the body, and (4) using medicinal food to recuperate the body.
There were scant discussions regarding the outcomes of rescues recorded in the examination books; hence, this study intended to fill the research gap.
This study analyzed Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified from the perspective of maintaining life instead of death. In the past, the common belief was that the examination works in ancient times were only of little relevance to medical science. However, this study argued that the topic of emergency rescues found within the original works proved that the examination works in ancient times and medical science were related and that inherent within the examination works had been overlooked in previous research. This study revealed another facet of the examination book.
Page：
177-220
Keywords：
Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified (Xiyuan jilu); Recipes for Rescue; First aid concepts; the care for life; Ancient medical books
BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE LITERATURE NATIONAL CHENGCHI UNIVERSITY NO.40
This article mainly discusses the characteristics and methods of Fu Guangs interpretation toward Zhu Xi’s “Yan Wai Zhi Yi” (perlocutionary intent, 言外之意) theory based on Shijing《詩經》. When Zhu Xi annotated the Shijing, in order to avoid the interference from the “Xiao Xu” (“Small Preface,” 〈小序〉), he tried to restore the meaning based on the text of Shijing. Besides that, Zhu Xi also noticed that there was “Yan Wai Zhi Yi” inside the Shijing, but the systematic interpretation had not been done. In Shi Tong Zi Wen《詩童子問》, Zhu Xi’s disciple Fu Guang, who developed his viewpoint on “Yan Wai Zhi Yi” from his book Shi Zhuan Gang Ling《詩傳綱領》. Fu Guang took the “arises from the affections and comes to a stop in ritual (發乎情止乎禮)” in the “Shi Da Xu” (“The Great Preface”, 〈詩大序〉) as the core concept of “Yan Wai Zhi Yi”. Based on which, he attempted to expose the complexity of Qing (情) and Xing (性) in human being from the content and rhetorical techniques of Shijing, and indicated the ideal condition. As mentioned above, it reveals the difference of the purport of the interpretation between Fu Guang and the scholars who respect the Shi Xu (詩序).
Page：
221-250
Keywords：
Yan Wai Zhi Yi; Zhu Xi; Fu Guang; Shi Tong Zi Wen; Shi Zhuan Gang Ling
BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE LITERATURE NATIONAL CHENGCHI UNIVERSITY NO.40
Zhang Yu-gu pays great attention to the agility of Bi (comparison) with the effect of emptiness in poetry. He has a general concern for the function of Bi in the structure of poetry. In addition to the demonstration of effects of multiple changes of Bi, he has a deep explanation of subtle parts of poetry and exhibits an ethereal aesthetic tendency, showing that he is not just a surface-level critic. Besides, Zhang pays attention to novel techniques and whimsical ideas in Bi. By revealing writing techniques, he delicately presents the peculiar changes in poems of peace and tranquility. Zhang’s comments on Gu-Qu in Bi not only are lively in its simplicity and quaintness but also bring endless reverberation. The reason why Appreciation of Ancient Poems provides more explanation for Bi than for Xing (affective image) is because of the pursuit of literature and art, and the consideration of teaching people how to write poetry. From the perspective of the development of Bi, Zhang Yu-gu inherits Shen De-qian’s gentleness but no longer closely connects Bi with traditional and implicit techniques, which valued by Shen De-qian. Instead, he presents a flexible and varied appearance of Bi. From Zhang Yu-gu’s concern for the artistry of poetry and his specific explanation of poems through poetry composition, we see the advance of the poetics system of Ge-Diao School.
Page：
251-294
Keywords：
Zhang Yu-gu; Appreciation of Ancient Poems; Bi (comparison); Shen De-qian; Source of Ancient Poems
BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE LITERATURE NATIONAL CHENGCHI UNIVERSITY NO.40
